1.A.3.b iii - Road Transport: Heavy Duty Vehicles and Buses

Last updated on 29 Aug 2019 09:29 (cf. Authors)

Short description

In sub-category 1.A.3.b iii - Road Transport: Heavy Duty Vehicles and Buses emissions from fuel combustion in trucks, lorries, buses etc. are reported.

NFR-Code	Name of Category	Method	AD	EF	Key Category 1
1.A.3.b iii	Heavy Duty Vehicles (incl. Buses)	T1, T2, T3	NS, M	CS, M, D	L & T: NOx, PM2.5, PM10, BC

+ Show Legend

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¹ T = key source by Trend / L = key source by Level

Methods
D	Default
RA	Reference Approach
T1	Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2	Tier 2*
T3	Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C	CORINAIR
CS	Country Specific
M	Model
as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007, in the group specific chapters.

AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS	National Statistics
RS	Regional Statistics
IS	International Statistics
PS	Plant Specific data
AS	Associations, business organisations
Q	specific questionnaires, surveys

EF - Emission Factors
D	Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C	Confidential
CS	Country Specific
PS	Plant Specific data

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Method

Activity data

Specific consumption data for heavy-duty vehicles (trucks and lorries) and buses are generated within TREMOD [1]. - The following tables provide an overview of annual amounts of fuels consumed by these vehicles in Germany.

Table 1: Annual fuel consumption of trucks and lorries, in terajoules

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
HDV: Trucks & Lorries
Diesel oil	412,472	573,298	675,947	520,828	526,681	507,317	512,670	498,838	540,463	541,832	564,113	581,537	561,194	605,088	621,095	636,425
Biodiesel	0	894	7,488	34,681	63,357	67,660	50,863	39,987	41,128	37,477	39,498	34,206	34,193	32,801	32,687	33,755
CNG	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	8	24
Biogas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	6
Trucks - TOTAL	412,472	574,193	683,436	555,509	590,038	574,977	563,533	538,825	581,590	579,308	603,612	615,743	595,387	637,889	653,792	670,210
HDV: Buses
Diesel oil	62,591	62,821	63,016	46,027	44,073	40,157	40,206	42,565	44,561	43,481	47,327	48,286	45,498	48,338	49,447	50,405
Biodiesel	0	98	698	3,065	5,302	5,356	3,989	3,412	3,391	3,007	3,314	2,840	2,772	2,620	2,602	2,673
Petroleum	0	610	414	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CNG	0	0	0	782	1,111	1,248	1,260	1,339	1,304	1,202	1,167	1,025	1,047	943	690	569
Biogas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Buses - TOTAL	62,591	63,529	64,128	49,874	50,486	46,761	45,455	47,315	49,256	47,690	51,808	52,151	49,317	51,902	52,739	53,647
HDV: Trucks & Lorries + Buses
Diesel oil	475,063	636,119	738,963	566,855	570,754	547,474	552,876	541,402	585,024	585,313	611,440	629,822	606,692	653,426	670,541	686,830
Biodiesel	0	992	8,187	37,746	68,659	73,015	54,852	43,399	44,519	40,484	42,812	37,046	36,965	35,421	35,290	36,429
Petroleum	0	610	414	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CNG	0	0	0	782	1,111	1,248	1,260	1,339	1,304	1,202	1,167	1,025	1,047	943	698	592
Biogas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	6
NFR TOTAL	475,063	637,721	747,564	605,383	640,524	621,738	608,988	586,140	630,846	626,999	655,420	667,894	644,704	689,791	706,531	723,856

source: TREMOD 5.81 [1]

For information on mileage, please refer to sub-chapters on emissions from tyre & brake wear and road abrasion.

Emission factors

The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the 'Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport' (HBEFA, version 3.3) [2] where they are provided on a tier3 level mostly and processed within the TREMOD software used by the party [1].

As it is not possible to present these tier3 values in a comprehendible way, the following table provides a set of fuel-specific implied emission factors (ratio of total emissions per pollutant and total annual consumption.)

Table 2: Annual country-specific implied tier3 emission factors, in kg/TJ__

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Diesel fuels1
NH3	0.30	0.40	0.50	0.39	0.41	0.40	0.40	0.38	0.41	0.41	0.43	0.44	0.43	0.45	0.47	0.48
NMVOC	69.50	80.08	67.87	41.54	40.25	33.97	26.53	21.68	19.60	16.29	14.55	12.81	10.86	10.24	9.41	8.71
NOx	952.79	1,234.49	1,338.83	868.31	862.68	759.87	646.54	563.48	549.48	496.93	479.99	449.23	387.10	351.66	301.45	256.65
SO2	112.24	81.17	21.97	0.47	0.50	0.49	0.48	0.46	0.49	0.49	0.51	0.52	0.50	0.54	0.55	0.57
CO	207.08	177.76	142.18	129.34	126.19	123.29	120.21	119.81	117.92	116.21	114.53	110.49	100.87	85.73	71.10	58.51
PM2	39.92	43.27	32.64	19.42	19.12	16.47	13.30	11.16	10.47	9.09	8.46	7.71	6.52	5.84	4.97	4.20
BC	19.96	17.09	12.08	9.34	9.22	8.56	7.08	6.08	5.39	4.70	4.27	3.81	3.34	2.76	2.24	1.90
CNG & Biogas3
NH3	NA	NA	NA	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.17
NMVOC	NA	NA	NA	1.20	1.20	1.18	1.18	1.17	1.17	1.17	1.16	1.16	1.15	1.14	1.14	1.16
NOx	NA	NA	NA	174.32	174.32	173.48	173.15	172.98	172.99	172.62	172.73	172.46	172.20	171.94	170.34	166.50
SO2	NA	NA	NA	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
CO	NA	NA	NA	25.49	25.49	25.18	25.04	24.99	24.96	24.85	24.85	24.75	24.65	24.51	24.26	23.82
PM2	NA	NA	NA	0.63	0.63	0.62	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.59	0.58
BC	NA	NA	NA	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Petroleum (buses only)
NH3	NA	0.28	0.29	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
NMVOC	NA	54.21	43.90	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
NOx	NA	975.13	895.22	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
SO2	NA	24.00	13.97	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
CO	NA	185.17	151.48	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
PM2	NA	32.62	23.39	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
BC	NA	16.79	12.83	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

¹ due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels
² EF(PM_2.5) also applied for PM₁₀ and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM_2.5)
³ due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for CNG and biogas

NOTE: With respect to the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly.¹

For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, default emission factors from the July 2017 version of (EMEP/EEA, 2016) [3] have been applied.
Regarding PCDD/F, tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) [4] are used instead.

Table 3: tier1 EF derived from default values

	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	Cr	Cu	Ni	Se	Zn	B[a]P	B[b]F	B[k]F	I[…]P	PAH 1-4	PCDD/F
	[g/TJ]									[mg/TJ]					[µg/km]
Diesel oil	0.012	0.001	0.123	0.002	0.198	0.133	0.005	0.002	0.419	498	521	275	493	1,788
Biodiesel	0.013	0.001	0.142	0.003	0.228	0.153	0.005	0.003	0.483	575	601	317	569	2,062
CNG & Biogas	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Petroleum	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
all fuels: buses															0.000019
all fuels: trucks & lorries															0.000016

Discussion of emission trends

NFR 1.A.3.b iii is key category for NO_x, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and BC.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x)

Until 2005, NO_x emissions followed mileage and fuel consumption. Since 2006, in contrast to nearly unchanged fuel consumption, emissions have decreased due to controlled catalytic-converter use and engine improvements resulting from continual tightening of emissions laws.

Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and carbon monoxide (CO)

Since the early 1990s, exhaust emissions of NMVOC and carbon monoxide have decreased due to catalytic-converter use and engine improvements resulting from ongoing tightening of emissions laws and improved fuel quality.

Ammonia (NH₃) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂)

As for the entire road transport sector, the trends for sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) exhaust emissions from heavy duty vehicles show charcteristics different from those shown above: Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities (sulphur content) leads to an cascaded downward trend of SO₂ emissions , influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage. For ammonia emissions the increasing use of catalytic converters in gasoline driven cars in the 1990s lead to a steep increase whereas both the technical development of the converters and the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel cars resulted in decreasing emissions in the following years.

Particulate matter (BC, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP)

As for all reported exhaust PM emissions from mobile diesel vehicles the Party assumes that nearly all particles emitted are within the PM_2.5 range, resulting in similar emission values for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP.

Recalculations

Compared to submission 2018, recalculations were carried out due to a routine revision of the TREMOD software and the revision of several National Energy Balances (NEB).

Here, activity data were revised within TREMOD due to the provision of the final NEB 2016. In addtion, some re-allocations of consumption shares between the different vehicle types and classes were conducted, with the 1.A.3.b fuel totals remaining unaltered.

Table 4: Revised fuel consumption data as of 2012, in terajoules

	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Trucks: Diesel oil
Submission 2019	564,113	581,537	561,194	605,088	621,095
Submission 2018	564,107	581,522	561,153	605,034	625,638
absolute change	6	15	41	54	-4,543
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%	0.01%	-0.73%
Trucks: Biodiesel
Submission 2019	39,498	34,206	34,193	32,801	32,687
Submission 2018	39,498	34,205	34,190	32,798	32,890
absolute change	0	1	2	3	-203
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%	0.01%	-0.62%
Trucks: CNG
Submission 2019	0	0	0	0	8
Submission 2018	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
absolute change	0	0	0	0	8
relative change
Trucks: Biogas
Submission 2019	0	0	0	0	2
Submission 2018	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
absolute change	0	0	0	0	2
relative change
Buses: Diesel oil
Submission 2019	47,327	48,286	45,498	48,338	49,447
Submission 2018	47,327	48,284	45,515	48,359	49,642
absolute change	0	1	-17	-21	-195
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	-0.04%	-0.04%	-0.39%
Buses: Biodiesel
Submission 2019	3,314	2,840	2,772	2,620	2,602
Submission 2018	3,314	2,840	2,773	2,622	2,610
absolute change	0	0	-1	-1	-7
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	-0.04%	-0.04%	-0.28%
Buses: CNG
Submission 2019	1,167	1,025	1,047	943	690
Submission 2018	1,167	1,025	1,047	943	886
absolute change	0	0	0	0	-196
relative change	0.01%	0.01%	0.02%	0.03%	-22.17%
Buses: Biogas
Submission 2019	167	203	264	159	162
Submission 2018	167	203	264	159	143
absolute change	0	0	0	0	20
relative change	0.01%	0.01%	0.02%	0.03%	13.76%

Due to the variety of tier3 emission factors applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way.

For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2016, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

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Bibliography

1. Knörr et al. (2018a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2030, sowie TREMOD 5.81, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2018.

2. Keller et al. (2007): Keller, M., Hausberger, S., Matzer, C., Wüthrich, P., & Notter, B.: Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 3.3 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 3.3) URL: http://www.hbefa.net/e/index.html - Dokumentation, Bern, 2017.

3. EMEP/EEA, 2016: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016; Copenhagen, 2016.

4. Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer

Footnotes

1. During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.