3.D - Agricultural Soils

Table of contents » Chapter 5 - NFR 3 - Agriculture » 3.D - Agricultural Soils

Last updated on 29 Aug 2019 09:29 (cf. Authors)

NFR-Code	Name of Category	Method	AD	EF	Key Category ¹	State of reporting
3.D	Agricultural Soils
consisting of / including source categories
3.D.a.1	Inorganic N-fertilizers (includes also urea application)	T2 (NH₃), T1 (for NO_x)	NS,RS	D (NH₃), D (NO_x)	L & T: NO_x, NH₃
3.D.a.2.a	Animal manure applied to soils	T2, T3 (NH₃), T1 (for NO_x)	M	CS (NH₃), D (NO_x)	L & T: NO_x, NH₃
3.D.a.2.b	Sewage sludge applied to soils	T1 (for NH₃,NO_x)	NS, RS	D (NH₃), D (NO_x)	no key category
3.D.a.2.c	Other organic fertilisers applied to soils (including compost)	T2 (for NO_x, NH₃)	M	CS	L & T: NH₃
3.D.a.3	Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals	T1 (for NH₃, NO_x)	NS,RS	D	no key category
3.D.c	Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products	T1 (for TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5,)	NS, RS	D	L & T: TSP, PM₁₀
3.D.d	Off-farm storage, handling and transport of bulk agricultural products					NA & for Black Carbon, NR
3.D.e	Cultivated crops	T2 (NMVOC)	NS, RS	D	no key category
3.D.f	Agriculture other including use of pesticides	T2 (HCB)	NS	D	L & T: HCB

+ Show Legend

Country specifics

NH₃ and NO_x

In 2017, the category of agricultural soils emitted 364.3 kt NH₃ or 56.9 % of the total agricultural NH₃ emissions in Germany (639.8 kt NH₃). The main contributions to the total NH₃ emissions from agricultural soils are the application of manure (3.D.a.2.a), with 200.6 kt (55.1 %) and the application of inorganic N-fertilizers (3.D.a.1) with 94.2 kt (25.9 %).

Application of sewage sludge (3.D.a.2.b) contributes 0.7 % or 2.5 kt NH₃.

The application of residues from the digestion of energy crops (3.D.a.2.c) leads to 58.3 kt NH₃ or 16.0 %. N excretions on pastures (3.D.a.3) have a share of 8.7 kt NH3 or 2.4 %.

NH₃ emissions from application of residues from the digestion of energy crops are excluded from emission accounting by adjustment as they are not considered in the NEC and Gothenburg commitments (see Chapter 11 - Adjustments and Emissions Reduction Commitments).

In 2017, agricultural soils were the source of 98.6 % (124.1 kt) of the total of NO_x emissions in the agricultural category (125.8 kt). The NO_x emissions from agricultural soils are mostly due to application of inorganic fertilizer (3.D.a.1) (52.7 %) and manure (3.D.a.2.a) (32.5 %). Application of residues from digested energy crops (3.D.a.2.c) contributes 9.7 % to agricultural soil emissions, 4.5 % are due to excretions on pastures (3.D.a.3). Emissions from application of sewage sludge (3.D.a.2.b)) contribute 0.6 %.

All NO_x emissions from the agricultural category are excluded from emission accounting by adjustment as they are not considered in the NEC commitments (see Chapter 11 - Adjustments and Emissions Reduction Commitments).

NMVOC

In 2017, the category of agricultural soils contributed 9.7 kt NMVOC or 4.8 % to the total agricultural NMVOC emissions in Germany. The only emission source was cultivated crops (3.D.e). All NMVOC emissions from the agricultural category are excluded from emission accounting by adjustment as they are not considered in the NEC commitments.

TSP, PM₁₀ & PM_2.5

In 2017, agricultural soils contributed, respectively, 28.1 % (17.4 kt), 56.5 % (17.4 kt) and 14.7 % (0.7 kt) to the total agricultural TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions (61.9 kt, 30.8 kt, 4.6 kt, respectively). The emissions are reported in category 3.D.c (Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products).

3.D.a.1 - Inorganic N-fertilizers

The calculation of NH₃ and NO_x (NO) emissions from the application of inorganic fertilizers is described in Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.1, [1].

Activity Data

German statistics report the amount of fertilizers sold. Assuming that the change of fertilizers stocked is small compared with the amount of fertilizers sold, the amount of fertilizer sold is taken to be the amount of fertilizer applied.

Table 1: AD for the estimation of NH₃ and NO_x emissions from application of inorganic fertilizers

Methodology

NH₃ emissions from the application of inorganic fertilizers are calculated using the Tier 2 approach according to EMEP (2016)-3D-14ff [10], distinguishing between various fertilizer types, see Table 2. For NO_x, the Tier 1 approach described in EMEP (2016) [10]-3D-11ff is applied.

Emission factors

The emission factors for NH₃ depend on fertilizer type, see EMEP (2016)-3D-15 [10]. Table 2 lists the EMEP emission factors for the fertilizers used in the inventory. In order to reflect average German conditions the emission factors for cool climate and a pH value lower than 7 was chosen.

Table 2: NH₃-EF for inorganic fertilizers

Inorganic fertilizers, emission factors in kg NH₃ per kg fertilizer N
Fertilizer type	EF
calcium ammonium nitrate	0.008
nitrogen solutions (UREA AN)	0.098
urea	0.155
ammonium phosphates	0.050
other NK and NPK	0.050
other straight fertilizers	0.010

For NO_x, the simpler methodology by EMEP (2016)-3D-11ff [10] was used. The emission factor 0.040 from EMEP, 2016-3D, Table 3.1 has the units of kg N₂O per kg fertilizer N and was derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006), [8] . The German inventory uses the emission factor 0.012 kg NO-N per kg N derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006). This is, rounded to five decimals, equivalent to an emission factor of 0.03943 kg NO_x per kg fertilizer N (obtained by multiplying 0.012 kg NO-N per kg N with the molar weight ratio 46/14 for NO₂ : NO). The inventory uses the unrounded emission factor.

Table 3: Emission factor for NO_x emissions from fertilizer application

Emission factor	kg NO-N per kg fertilizer N	kg NO_x per kg fertilizer N
EF_fert	0.012	0.039

Trend discussion for Key Sources

will be added next submission.

Recalculations

The recalculation page of the IIR (https://iir-de.wikidot.com/recalculations) provides a brought overview of the recalculations of all source categories. More details about the agricultural recalculations can be found on the main agricultural page (https://iir-de.wikidot.com/3-agriculture). Further details about recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 3.5.2.

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

3.D.a.2.a - Animal manure applied to soils

In this sub category Germany reports the NH₃ and NO_x (NO) emissions from application of manure (including application of anaerobically digested manure). For an overview see Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.2, [1].

Activity data

The calculation of the amount of N in manure applied is based on the N mass flow approach (see 3.B). It is the total of N excreted by animals in the housing and the N imported with bedding material minus N losses by emissions of N species from housing and storage. Hence, the amount of total N includes the N contained in anaerobically digested manures to be applied to the field.

The frequencies of application techniques and incorporation times as well as the underlying data sources are described in Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 3.4.3, [1]. The frequencies are provided e. g. in the NIR 2019 [11], Chapter 19.3.2.

Table 4: AD for the estimation of NO_x emissions from application of manure

Methodology

NH₃ emissions from manure application are calculated separately for each animal species in the mass flow approach by multiplying the respective TAN amount with NH₃ emission factors for the various manure application techniques. For details see 3.B and Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 4 to 8 and 11.3, [1].
For NO_x emissions from manure application the inventory calculates NO-N emissions (see Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.2, [1] that are subsequently converted into NO_x emissions by multiplying with the molar weight ratio 46/14. The Tier 1 approach for the application of inorganic fertilizer as described in EMEP (2016)-3D-11ff [10] is used, as no specific methodology is available for manure application.

Emission factors

Table 5 shows the implied NH₃ emission factors defined as the ratio of total NH₃-N emission from manure application to the amount of N spread with manure.

Table 5: IEF for NH₃–N from application of manure

For NO_x the same emission factor as for the application of inorganic fertilizer was used (see Table 3).

Trend discussion for Key Sources

will be added next submission.

Recalculations

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

3.D.a.2.b – Sewage sludge applied to soils

The calculation of NH₃ and NO_x (NO) emissions from application of sewage sludge is described in Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.4, [1].

Activity data

N quantities from application of sewage sludge were calculated from data of the German Environment Agency and (since 2009) from data of the Federal Statistical Office (see Table 6). Hence, there was no need to use the “per capita” activity data as proposed by EMEP (2016)-3.D, Table 3-1 [10].

Table 6: AD for the estimation of NH₃ and NO_x emissions from application of sewage sludge

Methodology

A tier 1 methodology is used (EMEP, 2016, 3D, Chapter 3.3.1 [10]). NH₃ and NO_x emissions are calculated by multiplying the amounts of N in sewage sludge applied with the respective emission factors.

Emission factors

EMEP (2016)-3.D, Table 3-1 [10] provides Tier 1 emissions factors for NH₃ and NO_x emissions from application of sewage sludge. However, it must be noted that the units of the NH₃ emission factor provided in EMEP (2016)-3.D, Table 3-1 [10] are incorrect. It must read 0.13 kg NH₃ per kg N applied instead of 13 kg NH₃ per capita, see EMEP (2016)-3.D, Appendix A1.2.2.1. The German inventory uses the equivalent emission factor in NH₃-N units which is according to the derivation of the emission factor, described in the appendix of EMEP (2016)-3D, page 25-26, [10], 0.11 kg NH₃-N per kg N applied.
For NO_x the same emission factor like for the application of inorganic fertilizer was used (see Table 3).

Trend discussion for Key Sources

will be added next submission.

Recalculations

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

3.D.a.2.c - Other organic fertilizers applied to soils

This sub category describes Germany’s NH₃ and NO_x (NO) emissions from application of residues from digested energy crops. For details see Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapters 10.2 and 11.3 [1].

Activity data

Activity data is the amount of N in residues from anaerobic digestion of energy crops when leaving storage. This amount of N is the N contained in the energy crops when being fed into the digestion process minus the N losses by emissions of N species from the storage of the residues (see 3.I). N losses from pre-storage are negligible and there are no N losses from fermenter (see Rösemann et al., 2019, Chapter 10.2.1).

Table 7: AD for the estimation of NH₃ and NO_x emissions from application of residues from anaerobic digestion of energy crops

Methodology

The NH₃ emissions are calculated the same way as the NH₃ emissions from application of animal manure (3.D.a.2.a). The frequencies of application techniques and incorporation times as well as the underlying data sources are provided e. g. in the NIR 2019 [11], Chapter 19.3.2. The amounts of TAN in the residues applied are obtained from the calculations of emissions from the storage of the digested energy crops (3.I).

For NO_x emissions from application of residues the Tier 1 approach for the application of inorganic fertilizer as described in EMEP (2016)-3D-11 [10] is used. The inventory calculates NO emissions that are subsequently converted into NO_x emissions by multiplying with the molar weight ratio 46/30.

Emission factors

For NH₃ the emission factors for untreated cattle slurry were adopted, see Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 10.2, [1]. As the NO_x method for fertilizer application is used fur the calculation of NO_x emissions from the application of residues, the emission factor for fertilizer application was used (see Rösemann et al., 2019, Chapter 11.1 [1])

Table 8 shows the implied emission factors for NH₃ emissions from application of residues from digested energy crops.

Table 8: IEF for NH₃-N

Trend discussion for Key Sources

will be added next submission.

Recalculations

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

3.D.a.3 - Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals

The calculation of NH₃ and NO_x (NO) emissions from N excretions on pasture is described in Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.5 [1].

Activity data

Activity data for NH₃ emissions during grazing is the amount of TAN excreted on pasture while for NO_x emissions it is the amount of N excreted on pasture. Table 9 shows the N excretions on pasture. The TAN excretions are derived by multiplying the N excretions with the relative TAN contents provided in 3.B, Table 2.

Table 9: N excretions on pasture

Methodology

NH₃ emissions from grazing are calculated by multiplying the respective animal population (3.B, Table 1) with corresponding N excretions and relative TAN contents (3.B, Table 2) and the fraction of N excreted on pasture (Table 9). The result is multiplied with the animal specific emission factor (Table 10). NO emissions are calculated the same way with the exception that the emission factor is related to N excreted instead of TAN.

Emission Factors

The emission factors for NH₃ are taken from EMEP (2016)-3B-29, Table 3.9 [10]. They relate to the amount of TAN excreted on pasture. Following the intention of EMEP, 2016-3D, Table 3.11 [10], the inventory uses for NO_x the same emission factor as for the application of inorganic fertilizer (see Table 3). In order to obtain NO_x emissions (as NO₂) the NO-N emission factor of 0.12 kg NO-N per kg N excreted is multiplied by 46/14.

Table 10: Emission factors for emissions of NH₃ and NO from grazing

Emission factors
Dairy cows	0.10 kg NH₃-N per kg TAN excreted
Other cattle	0.06 kg NH₃-N per kg TAN excreted
Horses	0.35 kg NH₃-N per kg TAN excreted
Sheep, goats	0.09 kg NH₃-N per kg TAN excreted
All animals	0.012 kg NO-N per kg N excreted

Recalculations

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products

In this category Germany reports TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2016)-3D-11 [10]. For details see Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.13 [1].

Activity data

The activity data is the total area of arable and horticultural land. This data is provided by official statistics.

Table 11: AD for the estimation of TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions from soils

Methodology

As the Tier 2 methodology described in EMEP (2016)-3D-17 [10] cannot be used due to lack of input data, the Tier 1 methodology described in EMEP(2016)-3D-11ff [10] is used.

Emission factors

Emission factors given in EMEP (2016)-3D-12 [10] are used. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without).

Table 12: Emission factors for PM emissions from agricultural soils

Emission factor	kg ha^-1
EF_TSP	1.56
EF_PM10	1.56
EF_PM2.5	0.06

Trend discussion for Key Sources

will be added next submission.

Recalculations

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

3.D.e - Cultivated crops

In this category Germany reports NMVOC emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2016)-3D-11 [10]. For details see Rösemann et al. (2019), Chapter 11.11, [1].

Activity data

The activity data is the total area of arable land and grassland. This data is provided by official statistics.

Table 13: AD for the estimation of NMVOC emissions from crop production

Methodology

In EMEP (2016)-3D-15ff [10] the methodology is described how the EMEP Tier 1 EF was estimated. This methodology was adopted to estimate German emissions. It is considered a Tier 2 methodology.

Emission Factors

The emission factors for wheat, rye, rape and grass (15°C) given in EMEP (2016)-3D-16, Table A3-3 [10] were used. For all grassland areas the grass (15°C) EF is used, for all other crops except rye and rape the EF of wheat is used. Table 14 shows the implied emission factors for NMVOC emissions from crop production. The implied emission factor is defined as ratio of the total NMVOC emissions from cultivated crops to the total area given by activity data.

Table 14: IEF for NMVOC emissions from crop production

Recalculations

Planned improvements

No improvements are planned at present.

Uncertainty

Details will be described in chapter 1.7.

3.d.f - Agriculture other including use of pesticides

(on separate page)

Bibliography

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Methods
D	Default
RA	Reference Approach
T1	Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2	Tier 2*
T3	Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C	CORINAIR
CS	Country Specific
M	Model
as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007, in the group specific chapters.

AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS	National Statistics
RS	Regional Statistics
IS	International Statistics
PS	Plant Specific data
AS	Associations, business organisations
Q	specific questionnaires, surveys

EF - Emission Factors
D	Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C	Confidential
CS	Country Specific
PS	Plant Specific data

IIR DE 2019

German Informative Inventory Report

Country specifics

NH3 and NOx

NMVOC

TSP, PM10 & PM2.5

3.D.a.1 - Inorganic N-fertilizers

Activity Data

Methodology

Emission factors

Trend discussion for Key Sources

Recalculations

Planned improvements

3.D.a.2.a - Animal manure applied to soils

Activity data

Methodology

Emission factors

Trend discussion for Key Sources

Recalculations

Planned improvements

3.D.a.2.b – Sewage sludge applied to soils

Activity data

Methodology

Emission factors

Trend discussion for Key Sources

Recalculations

Planned improvements

3.D.a.2.c - Other organic fertilizers applied to soils

Activity data

Methodology

Emission factors

Trend discussion for Key Sources

Recalculations

Planned improvements

3.D.a.3 - Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals

Activity data

Methodology

Emission Factors

Recalculations

Planned improvements

3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products

Activity data

Methodology

Emission factors

Trend discussion for Key Sources

Recalculations

Planned improvements

3.D.e - Cultivated crops

Activity data

Methodology

Emission Factors

Recalculations

Planned improvements

Uncertainty

3.d.f - Agriculture other including use of pesticides

SSL configuration warning

NH₃ and NO_x

TSP, PM₁₀ & PM_2.5